Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Sources: Nitrogen dioxide is primarily introduced into indoor environments through outdoor air pollution infiltrating indoors or the combustion of fossil fuels from appliances such as gas stoves, heaters, and fireplaces.
Effects: Exposure to NO2 can irritate the respiratory system, exacerbate asthma, and reduce lung function. Long-term exposure may contribute to the development of respiratory infections and increased susceptibility to allergens.
Indoor Air Quality: Ensuring good ventilation and reducing the use of combustion appliances indoors can significantly lower NO2 levels, creating a healthier living space.
Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)
Sources: Fine particles (PM2.5) and coarse particles (PM10) originate from both outdoor pollution (e.g., vehicle emissions, industrial processes) and indoor sources (e.g., cooking, burning candles, smoking).
Effects: These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and, in the case of PM2.5, even enter the bloodstream, causing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, aggravating asthma, and leading to premature death in severe cases.
Indoor Air Quality: Using air purifiers with HEPA filters and ensuring proper ventilation can help reduce particle concentration indoors, protecting residents’ health.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Sources: VOCs are emitted by a wide range of products, including paints, cleaning supplies, building materials, and office equipment.
Effects: Exposure to VOCs can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, difficulty breathing, nausea, and can even affect central nervous system functions, leading to long-term health issues.
Indoor Air Quality: Minimizing the use of VOC-emitting products and maintaining good indoor air circulation can significantly improve air quality and reduce health risks.
Formaldehyde
Sources: A common VOC found in resins used in the manufacture of composite wood products, furniture, textiles, and as a preservative in some paints and coatings.
Effects: Formaldehyde exposure can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat, and prolonged exposure has been linked to certain types of cancer.
Indoor Air Quality: Using low-emission building materials and furnishings, along with adequate ventilation, can lower formaldehyde levels indoors.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Sources: CO2 levels rise in indoor spaces primarily from human respiration. High levels indoors are indicative of inadequate ventilation.
Effects: While not toxic at typical indoor concentrations, high levels of CO2 can lead to decreased cognitive function, drowsiness, and in extreme cases, impaired decision-making capacity.
Indoor Air Quality: Maintaining adequate ventilation, especially in crowded spaces, is crucial to managing CO2 levels and ensuring a comfortable and healthy indoor environment.